Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 132
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 290
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 164
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 233
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 313
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 354
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 282
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 294
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 304
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 314
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 315
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 317
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 375
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 110
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/application/controllers/Site.php
Line: 8
Function: __construct
File: /home/u688923760/domains/msdpublications.com/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Research International Journal of Vaccines and Immunology scholarly, peer-reviewed, the international and interdisciplinary journal publishes original clinical and translational articles and reviews, etc. in the field of Vaccines and Immunology topics are unlimited. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
Toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro-organism. Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria. Toxoid vaccines are known for their efficacy. Not all toxoids are for micro-organisms; for example, Crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites. Also known as heterologous vaccines, these are vaccines that are pathogens of other animals that either does not cause disease or cause mild disease in the organism being treated.
Reasons to Publish:
Global readership
All published articles are assigned to the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) – Crossref. All published articles of this journal are included in the indexing and abstracting coverage of *Google Scholar. All published articles are permanently archived and available at the MSD Publications website in HTML and PDF formats.
Journal Highlights:
• Vaccine development and efficacy evaluation
• Immune responses to vaccines
• Vaccine technology
• Vaccine vectors, adjuvants, and immunomodulators
• Prophylactic vaccines
• Therapeutic vaccines
• AIDS vaccines
• Gene vaccines
• Vaccines in bioterrorism
• Regulatory affairs, commercial utilization, epidemiology
• Antigen processing and presentation
• Design Production and development of vaccines
• Vaccine vectors
• Cellular and molecular immune responses
• Breakthroughs in immunotherapeutics
• Vaccine safety, efficacy, and clinical trials
• Immunity to infection
• Immunomodulation
• Case reports
• Classical immunology
• Clinical Immunology
• Computational immunology
• Diagnostic immunology
• Evolutionary immunology
• Immunotherapy
• Systems immunology
• Cancer Immunology
• Testicular immunology