Elena Atanassova Mermeklieva-Haralanova Associate Professor

• Email:elenamermeklieva@yahoo.com
• Department:Ophthalmologist, Electrophysiology, Diabetes mellitus
• University:Lecturer in Medical University – Sofia and Medical University Varna
• Country:Bulgaria

Biography:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elena Mermeklieva Assoc.Prof. Dr. Elena Mermeklieva MD, PhD graduated from Medical University – Sofia in 1997. She became an ophthalmologist in 2002. In 2018 she acquired an academic and scientific degree "PhD". Her dissertation topic is "Changes in values of electrophysiological studies of visual analyzer in patients with diabetes mellitus".

Since 2017 she has been a lecturer in Medical University – Sofia and Medical University –Varna. She is currently an Associate Professor in “St. Kliment Ohridski” Sofia University, Medical Faculty. She has more than 70 scientific publications Cataract and glaucoma surgery, oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery of eyelids, orbit and anterior segment, medical retina, laser therapy, electrophysiology (VEP, ERG, EOG), OCT ophthalmo-neurology, using of anti-VEGF agents. Work Experience: 12.2002 – 08.2006 Ophthalmologist in MHAT "St. Sofia" 09.2006 – 01.2012 Ophthalmologist in DCC-??-Sofia 08.2007 – 03.2020

Ophthalmologist in “Alexandrovska” University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University – Sofia 02.2009 - on going Ophthalmologist in MC “Ophtha-Neuro” 05.2019 – on going Ophthalmologist in “Lozenetz” University Hospital, “St. Kliment Ohridski” Sofia University – Sofia 2017 - on going Lecturer in Medical University – Sofia and Medical University – Varna Experience with: cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, ocular trauma, oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery, trained in treatment of inflammatory and vascular diseases, neuroophthalmology, medical retina, retinal laser treatment and FA, electrophysiology, OCT diagnostics.

Research Interests:

cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, ocular trauma, oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery, trained in treatment of inflammatory and vascular diseases, neuroophthalmology, medical retina, retinal laser treatment and FA, electrophysiology, OCT diagnostics. cataract and glaucoma surgery, oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery of eyelids, orbit and anterior segment, medical retina, laser therapy, electrophysiology (VEP, ERG, EOG), OCT ophthalmoneurology, using of anti-VEGF agents.

Dr Arpine Barsegian Doctor

• Email:Arpine.Barsegian@downstate.edu
• Department:Health Sciences Clinical Instructor Ophthalmology
• University:UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine
• Country:New York, USA

Biography:

ArpineBarsegian MD, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine Medical School, Ophthalmology Resident Physician in SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Research Interests:

Ophthalmology

Giulia Corradetti Clinical and Research Fellow at Doheny Eye Institute

• Email:giulia.corradetti@gmail.com
• Department:Ophthalmology/Retina
• University:Doheny Eye Institute, UCLA
• Country:Los Angeles - CA, USA

Biography:

Giulia Corradetti, MD, is a Clinical and Research Fellow at Doheny Eye Institute, affiliated UCLA in Los Angeles, CA. Attended her residency in ophthalmology at Research Institute San Raffaele in Milan.  Completed a year clinical and research fellowship in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus at the Wright Foundation (2016) and a one-year fellowship in Medical Retina and Retinal Imaging at Eye Stein Institute – UCLA (2018). 

Her main area of research is Medical Retina and Retinal Imaging. Her goal is to achieve a better knowledge of retinal disorders, to define new treatments, and contribute to the development of retinal imaging. Involved in several research projects at Doheny Eye Institute and Eye Stein Institute mainly based on Retinal Disorders, Retinal Imaging, and Artificial Intelligence. 

Highly skilled ophthalmologist focused on Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Completed residency in Ophthalmology in Italy and recently completed an international fellowship in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus at the Wright Foundation in Los Angeles. Highly motivated to practice ophthalmology in the United States. Seeking a position as a technician, medical assistant, fellow while taking the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) to be recognized as Medical Doctor in the United States.

Wright Foundation Los Angeles -CA, US Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Fellowship Scientific Institute San Raffaele Milan - Italy Residency in Ophthalmology Italian Medical Board Certification MD License University of Bologna - Italy Medical School Degree: Medical Doctor (MD)

* Passing Grade: 110/100 cum laude Strabismologist Pediatric Ophthalmologist Clinical Trials Subinvestigator Urgent Care Ophthalmologist Comprehensive Ophthalmology CRF development Clinical data collection Ped Ophthalmology Screening July 2015 to Current Wright Foundation Los Angeles, CA Fellow in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Working up outpatient clinics in a pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus clinic, observed strabismus surgery on pediatrics and adults in the operating room.

June 2010 to July 2015 Scientific Institute San Raffaele Milan, Italy Resident in Ophthalmology Rotation in the following areas: glaucoma, medical and surgical retina, cornea, and anterior segment, neuro-ophthalmology, electrophysiology, strabismus, and pediatric ophthalmology, uveitis and ocular tumors, comprehensive ophthalmology. Main expertise in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - working in the outpatient clinics in the pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus service, strabismus surgery on pediatrics and adults.

Research Interests:

Neonatology Cataract Surgery Cataract Extraction Phacoemulsification Strabismus Strabismus Surgery Pediatric Ophthalmology Retinoblastoma Neonatal Diseases and Congenital Abnormalities Amblyopia

Cristina-Crenguta Albu Associate Professor

• Email:crenguta.albu@yahoo.com
• Department:Ophthalmology and Medical Genetics
• University:University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest
• Country:Romania

Biography:

Cristina-Crenguta Albu MD, Ph.D., Ophthalmology and Medical Genetics University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania.

Degrees:

• MD - the University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania, 1991
• Specialist in Ophthalmology – 1995
• Ph.D. - the University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania, 2001
• Specialist in Medical Genetics – 2003

Medical Competence:

• Oculo - Orbitar Ultrasound Examination
• Telemedicine

Professional Achievements:

• MD, PhD, Associate Professor - Department of Medical Genetics - University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania (1992 – to present)
• MD, PhD, Lecturer - Department of Medical Genetics - University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania (1992 – 2020)
• MD, PhD - Department of Ophthalmology - „Alco San” Medical Clinic Bucharest, Romania (1998 – to present)
• General Manager - "Alco San" Medical Clinic Bucharest, Romania (1998 – to present)
• MD, PhD - Department of Ophthalmology - University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania (1995-2011)
• MD, Resident in Ophthalmology  - Department Of Ophthalmology – Eye Hospital of Bucharest; Romania (1992 – 1995)
• MD, Intern – Department of Pediatric Oncology – Fundeni Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (1991 – 1992)

Academic Experiences:

• Associate Professor - Department of Medical Genetics - University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania (2020 – to present)
• Lecturer/Head of works - Department of Medical Genetics - University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania (2006- 2020)
• Assistant professor - Department of Medical Genetics - University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania (1996-2006)
• Junior Assistant professor (preparator) - Department of Medical Genetics - University of Medicine And Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, Romania (1992-1996)

Professional and Scientific Contribution:

• 25 - Medical books, Medical textbooks, and chapters
• 36 - Articles/Studies published in international medical journals
• 99 - Articles/Studies published in international medical conferences
• 158 - Studies/publications in volumes of medical scientific events (conferences and medical congresses)

Research Interests:

Medical Genetics Prenatal Diagnosis Ophthalmogenetics Oculo-Orbitar Ultrasound Examination

Eleni K. Konstantinou Ophthalmology Resident

• Email:ekonstantinou@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
• Department:Ophthalmology
• University:New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical School/Harvard Medical School
• Country:USA

Biography:

Eleni K. Konstantinou, Ophthalmology Resident, Ophthalmology, New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical School/Harvard Medical School, USA.

Education: 

The 9/2005-8/2011 Medical Doctor Medical Degree University of Athens, School of Health Sciences.

Postdoctoral Training:

8/2011-2/2013 Volunteer Intern Internal medicine Attikon University Hospital

4/2013-12/2013 Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Retinal diseases Mentor: Dr. D.G. Vavvas  Massachusetts, Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School

1/2014-07/2015 Post Doctoral Research Fellowship Molecular Biology / Gene-editing/ Immunology Mentors: Drs. L.H. Young, and J. P.J. Saeij Massachusetts Institute of Technology Major Administrative Leadership Positions: National Professional Societies: 
9/2015-6/2017 Post Doctoral Research Fellowship Molecular Biology/Gene-editing/ RetinalDiseases Mentors: Drs. L.H. Young, and D.G. Vavvas Massachusetts
Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School 6/2017-6/2018 General Surgery Resident – Intern year General Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School 7/2018-7/2021 Resident Physician Ophthalmology New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical School

Major Administrative Leadership Positions: National Professional Societies:

9/2015-6/2017 Post Doctoral ResearchFellowship MolecularBiology/Gene editing/ Retinal Diseases Mentors: Drs. L.H. Young, and D.G. Vavvas Massachusetts
Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School 6/2017-6/2018 General Surgery Resident – Intern year General Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School 7/2018-7/2021 Resident Physician Ophthalmology New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical School 2004-2005 Student representative of the geographic
region of Athens Youth Parliament of Greece (Athens/ Greece) 2006-2008 Vice president The Scientific Society of Hellenic Medical Students- SSHMS 2009-2010 Member The Scientific Society of Hellenic Medical Students- SSHMS 2006-2010 The Scientific Society of Hellenic Medical Students- SSHMS Vice president (06-08), Member (09-10) 2015- The Association of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Member 2018- The American Academy of Ophthalmology Member.

Research Interests:

PCR Gel Electrophoresis Cell Culture DNA Western Blot Analysis Molecular Cloning Gene Expression DNA Extraction DNA Sequencing Genetic Engineering

Hormoz Abdshahzadeh Scientific Assistant

• Email:Hormoz.abdshahzade@yahoo.com
• Department:Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM)/Ocular Cell Biology
• University:Tehran University of Medical Sciences
• Country:Switzerland

Biography:

Hormoz Abdshahzadeh, MD Scientific Assistant at University of Zurich, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), Ocular Cell biology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,

Medical Commission Registration

April 2020 Registered in Swiss Medical Commission (MedReg)
Oct 2018 Registered in Iran Medical Commission as a physician

Trainings

Jan 2020 Basis Course in Ophthalmology Swiss Eye Week (Thun, Switzerland)
2010-2018 Medical School Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Title of the dissertation : Health status and factors that affect health at employees of
the industrial valve’s factory Final grade : 20/20
2005-2009 Experimental sciences High school Mousavi kerman , Iran Final grade : 9 6.5 /100

Work Experience 

March 2019 Today Universit y of Zürich Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Ocular Cell Biology Group (Zürich, Scientific Assistant March
2019 Today ELZA Institute Dietikon, Switzerland Observership, and Clinical Research 2016 2018 Tehran University Hospitals Tehran, Iran Internship
2010 2011 Anatom y Teaching Assistant
2010 2011 Histolog y Teaching Assistant

Research Interests:

Ophthalmology, Refractive Surgery, Cell Biology, Biotechnology, and Molecular Medicine 

Asaad Ahmed Ibrahiem Ghanem Professor/Member of high education committee for graduation

• Email:asaadghanem@hotmail.com
• Department:Ophthalmology
• University:Mansoura University
• Country:Egypt

Biography:

Asaad Ahmed Ghanem Prof. Dr. of Ophthalmology Mansoura Ophthalmic Center Mansoura University  Mansoura, Egypt.

Asaad Ahmed Ibrahiem Ghanem is a Assistant Professor at Mansoura University, Egypt. He received his Bachelor's degree in 1988 and MD thesis on the topic “Epidemiology of glaucoma”. He received his Ph.D. in the year 2001. He has published almost 6 articles till now.

Education

1)Bachelor degree: November 1988

(2) M.S thesis "Effect of subscleral trabeculectomy on the corneal thickness"                                                                         

Supervisors

1. Prof. Amal Abd El-Wahab

2.Prof. Essam Baddour

Master award date: November 1993

(3)M.D thesis "Epidemiology of glaucoma"                                                                             

Supervisors

1.Prof. Mohamed M. El-Desouky

2.Prof. Tharwat H. Mokbel

3. Prof. Ashraf M. Sewelam

Research Interests:

Ophthalmology, cornea, glaucoma

Syeed Mehbub Ul Kadir Assistant Professor & Consultant

• Email:mehbubkadir@gmail.com
• Department:Ophthalmology
• University:Bangladesh Eye Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Country:Bangladesh

Biography:

DR SYEED MEHBUB UL KADIR MBBS, MS (Ophth.), FACS, FICS Fellow: Orbit and Ophthalmic Plastic Services Assistant Professor & Consultant: Orbit, Oncology & Ocluloplastics services,

1.     Bangladesh Eye Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2.     Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib Eye Hospital & Training Institute

Assistant Professor (Training and Academic): Sheikh Fazilatunnessa Mujib Eye Hospital and Institute (SFMEHTI), Bangladesh.

Visiting Consultant: Orbit and Ophthalmic Plastic Services, Bangladesh Eye Hospital and Institute, 78-Satmosjid Road, Dhanmondi-1205, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Member Secretary: Institutional Review Board (IRB), SFMEHTI

APAO- LDP Graduate 2014-15

APAO Achievement Award- 2018

IESRF Research Award- 2021

Publications: 49 (National- 25, International-24), last published- 09.06.2021

Associate Editor- Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology (IJCEO)

Associate Editor- International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty (IJOOO)

Editorial Board Member: International Research Journal of Ophthalmology (IRJO),

                                         International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR)

Scientific Presentations: 61, Invited faculty- 29, Free paper/ Rapid fire- 32, Poster/E-poster- 19

Organizations:

1. Councilor- Asia-Pacific Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (APSOPRS)
2. Councilor- Asia-Pacific Society of Ocular Oncology and Pathology (APSOOP)
3. Board Member- Asia Pacific Ophthalmic Trauma Society (APOTS)
4. Member- APAO Ophthalmic Education Standing Committee
5. Treasurer- SAARC Oculoplastic Society (SOS)
6. EC Member: Ophthalmological Society of Bangladesh (OSB)
7. Member- International Society of Ocular Oncology (ISOO)
8. Scientific Secretary- Bangladesh Oculoplastic Surgeons Society (BOSS)
9. Ex Member Secretary- Course Curriculum Sub Committee, OSB. &
10. Ex Councilor, Bangladesh Medical Association (BMA)

Research Interests:

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ophthalmology, Ocular Oncology and Pathology

Mona Abdelkader Ramadan Professor

• Email:monaabdelkader78@mans.edu.eg
• Department:Ophthalmology
• University:Mansoura University, Medicine Faculty
• Country:Egypt

Biography:

Mona Abdelkader Ramadan, Professor, Ophthalmology, Mansoura University, Medicine Faculty, Egypt, *Member of Egyptian Ophthalmological Society (EOS) *Member OF Egyptian Glaucoma Society (EGS) *Member of Egyptian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ESOIRS) *Member of Egyptian Society of Cataract and Corneal Disease (ESCaCoD) * Member of Delta Ophthalmological Society of Egypt (DOSE) *Member of Europian of ophthalmology *Member of British of ophthalmology.

Training experiences

1-Training on electrophysiological tests ( ERG, VEP, EOG). Ophthalmic Center, Mansoura University, Egypt. For the previous 22 years.

2-Training on optical coherence tomography, pterygium operation, glaucoma surgery, and minor operations. Ophthalmic Center, Mansoura University, Egypt. For the previous 22years.

Research Interests:

Ophthalmology, Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery.

Anubhav Chauhan Senior Resident

• Email:chauhan.anubhav2@gmail.com
• Department:Ophthalmology/Eye Surgeon
• University:Indira Gandhi Medical College
• Country:India

Biography:

Experienced Ophthalmologist with a demonstrated history of working in the medical practice industry. Skilled in Research, Clinical Research, and Healthcare. Dr. Anubhav Chauhan, a resident of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India completed his schooling at the prestigious Bishop Cotton School, Shimla. He commenced his medical career in the year 2004 after completing M.B.B.S from Dr. Rajindra Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, Himachal Pradesh. Dr. Chauhan completed his post-graduation in Ophthalmology from Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla in 2014.

He is presently working as Senior Resident, Department of Ophthalmology at Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Government Medical College, Nahan, Himachal Pradesh. In his short career as an ophthalmologist, Dr. Chauhan has been actively engaged in a lot of research work and has more than 50 scientific international and national publications /presentations to his credit plus he has reviewed more than 70 manuscripts received from various international journals.

He has also been on the panel as one of the reviewers for the prestigious International Journal of Ophthalmology and Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, is a reviewer for the Indian journal of clinical and experimental ophthalmology, International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences, International Research Journal of Public and Environmental Health, Case reports in surgery and invasive procedure, Allied Journals and is also an editorial board member for Open Access Journal of Ophthalmology, EC Ophthalmology, Clinical Ophthalmology, and Vision Sciences, International Journal of microscopy, Mathews journal of ophthalmology, and Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences. The work done by Dr. Chauhan is also available for study at the following social networking sites i.e researchgate, Publons, Orcid.

Research Interests:

Ophthalmology, EC Ophthalmology,Clinical Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences

Felicia M. Ferreri Assistant Professor

• Email:felicia.ferreri@unime.it
• Department:Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences
• University:University of Messina
• Country:Italy

Biography:

Felicia M. Ferreri University of Messina Felicia M. Ferreri graduated summa cum laude from the University of Messina, Italy in 1998 and completed her ophthalmology residency at the Policlinico Universitario, Messina in 2002. She was interned at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan (Corneal Section) and at Hospital Careggi in Florence (pediatric ophthalmology diseases). She spent research periods in Seville ('Virginio del Rocio' hospital), Madrid ('San Carlos' hospital), Manchester ('The 'Bolton Hospital') and Rio de Janiero (Universidade Fluminense).

She served as co-investigator for many national and international clinical trials. Since 2002, she is an Assistant Professor in Ophthalmology at the University of Messina. Her research interests are in the areas of glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, and cataract. She authored more than 50 scientific papers. Felicia M. Ferreri graduated summa cum laude from the University of Messina, Italy in 1998 and completed her ophthalmology residency at the Policlinico Universitario, Messina in 2002.

She was interned at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan (Corneal Section) and at Hospital Careggi in Florence (pediatric ophthalmology diseases). She spent research periods in Seville ("Virginio del Rocio" hospital), Madrid ("San Carlos" hospital), Manchester ("The "Bolton Hospital") and Rio de Janiero (Universidade Fluminense). She served as co-investigator for many national and international clinical trials. Since 2002, she is an Assistant Professor in Ophthalmology at the University of Messina. Her research interests are in the areas of glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, and cataract.

Research Interests:

Glaucoma, Neuro-Ophthalmology

Arunkumar Venkatesan Postdoctoral Associate

• Email:venkatea@upstate.edu
• Department:Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
• University:SUNY Upstate Medical University
• Country:USA

Biography:

Arunkumar Venkatesan 1st degree connection1st Postdoctoral Associate at SUNY UPSTATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, USA. I am a postdoctoral researcher, working on the cell biological aspects of Exfoliation glaucoma. My research interests are directed towards studying different protein folding diseases.

Education:

• Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology-Immunology, (2012-2017) from National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis under Madras University, India
• Master of Science in Microbiology, (2007-2009) from Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), India with first-class distinction (82%)
• Bachelor of Science in Microbiology, (2004-2007) from Bharathiar University, India with first division (70.30 %)

Professional experience:

Postdoctoral Research: SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Feb 2021 - present (research advisor: Dr. Audrey Bernstein).

In Bernstein’s lab, currently, I’m studying the role of LOXL1 protein and its aggregation phenotypes in exfoliation glaucoma, an age-dependent exfoliation syndrome that is characterized by the formation of aggregated protein deposits in ocular tissues.

Postdoctoral Research: the University of Michigan, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Jan 2017 - Jan 2021 (research advisor: Dr. Malini Raghavan).

In Raghavan’s lab, I got an opportunity to study the ER chaperone calreticulin and the role of frameshift calreticulin mutants in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) disease. We identified that the MPN calreticulin mutants are oligomeric/aggregated when expressed in E. coli, mammalian cells as well as inpatient platelets. We also identified that these aggregates are made up of both covalent and non-covalent interactions that involve globular domain as well as novel C-domain. In addition, the mutant calreticulin interacts with the thrombopoietin receptor, Mpl to drive the oncogenic pathways and degrade via Autophagy. The calreticulin mutants also showed altered localization as they localize to the cell surface as puncta via Golgi apparatus and also detectable in the patient serum. In addition, the mutants also showed decreased chaperone activity and loss of low-affinity Ca2+ binding. 

Doctoral Research: National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis & University of Madras, Department of Immunology, 2012-2017 (research advisor: Dr. Sujatha Narayanan).

In my Ph.D. research, I have worked on identifying and characterizing several protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions in Mycobacteria. In the first part of the thesis, I studied the Acetamidase operon, which is a highly inducible operon in M. smegmatis. We identified the molecular mechanism behind the negative and positive regulation of the operon. AmiA negatively regulates the operon by binding to a direct repeat sequence in the P2 promoter. AmiC positively regulates the operon by removing AmiA from the P2 promoter and further binding to the multiple regulatory regions of the operon. In the second part of the thesis, I studied the protein kinase PknI to interact with a peroxidase protein Rv2159c via Ala-Gly-Trp motif to increase its peroxidase activity during oxidative stress. In addition, I also identified and characterized the universally conserved SRP pathway proteins and their substrates in M. tuberculosis.

Research Interests:

Cell biology – Protein folding, aggregation, degradation, and intracellular trafficking.